Maj. Gen. Raj Mehta

The most effective way to destroy people is to deny and obliterate their own understanding of their history

—George Orwell

The English word museum comes from the Greek mouseion, denoting a place or temple dedicated to the Muses; hence a building set apart for study and the arts, philosophy and research at Alexandria, a then Greco-Roman city with the first museum coming up in the early 3^rd century BCE. In those ancient times ‘museum’ became a synonym for education. Even the fabled and perceptive Queen Cleopatra was known to have attended museum/temple proceedings at Alexandria.

The purpose of museums today is to protect and conserve artifacts that represent various facets of human history, for the sake of knowledge, understanding and enjoyment. Museums enable people to explore collections for inspiration, learning, and enjoyment. They are institutions that collect, safeguard, and make accessible artifacts, records, cataclysmic events and specimens which they hold in trust, for society.

There are different types of museums all over the world, such as fine arts, applied arts, craft, archaeology, anthropology and ethnology, history, cultural history, military history, science, technology, children's museums, natural history, numismatics, botanical and zoological gardens and philately. Many are famous landmarks, including the Louvre, in Paris, the British Museum in London; the 19 museums of the Smithsonian Institution, USA and many others.

Depiction of one gallery at Madras Regiment Museum

Public Museums

Though latter-day museums began as private collections displayed in Europe in ‘wonder rooms’ or ‘cabinets of curiosities’ they remained accessible to just the privileged. It was in the Age of Enlightenment beginning with the close of the Thirty Years’ War (1648) and ending with the French Revolution (1789) that the first public museums began flourishing. Thus, the Museo Sacro opened to public in Rome in 1756, the British Museum in London in 1759, the Uffizi Gallery in Florence in 1765 and the Belvedere Palace of the Habsburg monarchs in Vienna opened in 1781.

The first truly public museum was however the Louvre in Paris, opening in 1793 during the French Revolution, enabling for the first time in history free access to the former French royal collections for people of all stations and status. Napoleon Bonaparte conquered the great cities of Europe, confiscating art objects as he went. Napoleon’s concept of a museum as an agent of nationalistic fervor, had a profound influence throughout Europe, which has now spread globally.

India on the Global Museum Map

Turning to India, even as our royalty must had kept their equivalents of European wonder rooms/ cabinets of curiosities for centuries, the first museum originally called the Imperial Museum of Calcutta came about in 1814 through Danish founder-curator Nathanial Wallich. It is India’s oldest (ninth oldest in the world) and largest museum with collections of antiques, body armour, ornaments, fossils, skeletons, mummies and Mughal paintings.

Today, as per the National Portal of Museums run by India’s Ministry of Culture, there are nearl